かは〜によって違う
Depends on, Changes depending on, Differ depending on
Structure
WH-Word + A(2) + かは + Noun + によって違う(1)
A(2)か + B(2)かは + Noun + によって違う(1)
(1) による
(2) [い]Adjective、[な]Adjective、Verb、Noun
Explanation
The grammar pattern ~かは~によって違う may look intimidating, but it becomes much clearer when you examine its individual components. The first part, かは, is a fusion of the case marking particle か, used to mark a question, with the adverbial particle は, which sets the topic. This combination can be understood as 'whether (A)'.
によって違う is formed from the case marking particle に, the て-form of the う-Verb よる (to depend on), and the う-Verb 違う (to differ/vary).
When combined, the structure expresses the idea that '(A) depends on (B)'. A more literal interpretation would be 'whether (A) is the case will vary depending on (B)'. This grammar is typically used by stating a full clause ending in かは, followed by the factor that influences it and then によって違う.
- 旅行が楽しいか楽しくないかは天気によって違う。Whether a trip is enjoyable or not depends on the weather.
- 値段が高いか安いかは店によって違う。Whether the price is high or low depends on the store.
- このケーキが美味しいかまずいかは人によって違う。Whether this cake is delicious or not depends on the person.
As an alternative to かは, you can use かどうか. This slightly alters the nuance to more explicitly mean 'whether or not (A)'. It highlights the two possibilities, one positive and one negative, in a way that is very direct.
- 夏休みが長いかどうかは学校によって違う。Whether summer vacation is long or not depends on the school.
- うまくいくかどうかは準備によって違う。Whether something goes well or not depends on the preparation.
Lastly, this grammar pattern is also frequently seen without the final 違う. By removing 'differs', the sentence simply becomes 'whether (A) depends on (B)'. Because the two verbs are no longer connected, によって reverts to による, the dictionary form of the verb.
- 明日、出かけるか出かけないかは天気による。Whether or not we go out tomorrow depends on the weather.
- 合格できるかできないかは、これからの頑張りによる。Whether you can pass or not depends on your effort from this point forward.
Examples
天気が良いか悪いかは日によって違う。
Whether the weather is good or bad changes depending on the day.
返金できるかどうかは店の方針による。
Whether you can get a refund or not depends on the store's policy.
町が賑やかかどうかは時間帯によって違う。
Whether a town is lively or not differs depending on the time of day.
どこに駐車できるかは地域によって違う。
Where you can park differs depending on the area.
サービスが無料になるかどうかは、ご契約のプランによります。
Whether the service is free or not depends on your contract plan.
会議が長引くかどうかは参加者による。
Whether the meeting will drag on or not depends on the participants.
何が幸せかは人の価値観によって違う。
What constitutes happiness differs depending on a person's values.
いつ桜が咲くかは、その年の気候によって違う。
When the cherry blossoms bloom differs depending on the climate of that year.
どのくらいで料理が出来上がるかは、メニューによって違いますから、少々お待ちください。
How long it takes for the food to be ready differs depending on the menu item, so please wait a moment.
服のサイズが合うか合わないかは、ブランドによって違う。
Whether clothes fit or not differs depending on the brand.
クレジットカードが使えるかどうかは店によります。
Whether you can use a credit card or not depends on the store.
結果が良いか悪いかは、その時の運によっても違うよね。
Whether the result is good or bad also depends on your luck at the time, doesn't it?