に対して
In contrast to, While, In regard to, Whereas
Structure
Noun + に対して(1)
Noun + に対する + Noun
In contrast to
Verb + の + に対して
[な]Adjective + な(2) + の + に対して
Noun + (な(2) + の) + に対して
(1) に対しても、に対しては
(2) である
Explanation
に対する and に対して are Japanese grammar patterns used to express that (B) is 'directed at' or 'in contrast to' (A). The verb 対する means 'to face' or 'to confront'. While this can imply a negative confrontation, it is most often used neutrally to mean 'toward' or 'regarding', indicating the target of an action or feeling.
に対する is used to modify a noun that immediately follows it. In contrast, に対して functions adverbially, often followed by a comma, with the main action or description appearing in the latter half of the sentence.
- 先生に対する質問があります。I have a question for the teacher.
- 親は子供に対する愛情が深いものです。Parents have a deep love for their children.
- 目上の人に対して、そういう話し方は失礼ですよ。It's rude to speak that way to someone who is your senior.
- どうして彼に対してだけ、そんなに厳しいのですか。Why are you so strict only with him? (Targeting only him)
Fun Fact
When compared with に関して (another pattern that shows 'relation'), に対して places a stronger emphasis on the direct interaction, comparison, or contrast between two elements (A) and (B), treating both with equal focus.
- 日本の歴史に関して、少し調べています。I'm doing a little research concerning Japanese history. (In relation to Japanese history)
- 兄は外で遊ぶのが好きなのに対して、弟は家でゲームをするのが好きだ。In contrast to my older brother who likes playing outside, my younger brother likes to play games at home.
Caution
Because に対して emphasizes the relationship between (A) and (B), it is very commonly used to draw a sharp contrast between two different facts or situations. In this usage, it is a very close equivalent to the English word 'whereas'.
- 昨日は暖かかったのに対して、今日はとても寒いです。Yesterday was warm, whereas today is very cold.
- 田中さんは話すのが好きなのに対して、山田さんは聞くのが上手だ。Tanaka-san likes to talk, whereas Yamada-san is a good listener.
Examples
私の犬は他人に対してよく吠える。
My dog often barks at strangers.
彼は仕事に対してとても真面目です。
He is very serious when it comes to his work.
お客様に対しては常に丁寧な言葉遣いを心がけている。
I always make an effort to use polite language with customers.
都会がにぎやかなのに対して、田舎は静かだ。
The city is bustling, whereas the countryside is quiet.
その意見に対して反対の人はいますか。
Is there anyone who is against that opinion?
彼女は子供に対してとても愛情深い。
She is very affectionate towards children.
この問題に対して、政府はどんな対策を取るのだろうか。
I wonder what measures the government will take in response to this problem.
私は弟に対して、つい厳しくなってしまう。
I can't help but be strict with my younger brother.
兄が外向的なのに対して、弟は内向的な性格だ。
My older brother is outgoing, in contrast, my younger brother has an introverted personality.
将来に対して、不安を感じる若者が増えている。
The number of young people who feel anxious about the future is increasing.
彼の批判に対して、彼女は冷静に反論した。
In response to his criticism, she calmly refuted it.
この要求に対して、会社側はまだ返事をしていない。
The company has not yet responded to this demand.