~て (Conjunction)
And, Then (Linking events)
Structure
[る1]Verb → 見
[る5]Verb → 座
[う]Verb → 歌
[つ]Verb → 打
[く]Verb → 歩
[ぐ]Verb → 泳
[ぬ]Verb → 死
[ぶ]Verb → 飛
[む]Verb → 休
[す]Verb → 話
Exceptions:
行く → 行って
する → して
くる → きて
問う → 問うて
請う → 請うて
Explanation
In the Japanese language, て serves as an essential conjunctive particle that connects various grammatical structures. When used with a verb, it follows a specific set of conjugation rules that change depending on the verb type, whether it's a る-Verb or a う-Verb. For う-Verbs specifically, the conjugation also hinges on the final kana of the verb's dictionary form.
Because (B) is presented as an action that takes place after (A), the most frequent translation for this structure is simply 'and' or 'then'.
- 家に着いて手を洗う。To arrive home, then wash your hands. (To arrive home, and wash your hands)
- 朝起きてシャワーを浴びる。To wake up, then take a shower. (To wake up, and take a shower)
As seen in these examples, て fundamentally means '(A) て (B)' = '(A) occurs, followed by (B)'. This sequential meaning, however, is primarily when it is used to link to another verb.
On occasion, the て form will manifest as で. This is a sound change that occurred over time to allow for a more natural pronunciation. Functionally, there is no distinction in meaning between て and its voiced counterpart, で.
- 荷物を運んで置く。To carry the luggage, then put it down. (て appearing as で)
- プールで泳いで帰る。To swim at the pool, then go home. (て appearing as で)
The simplest method to determine if て or で should be used is to check the final kana of the verb. If the dictionary form of the verb ends in ぐ, ぬ, ぶ, or む, you will use で. It is important to note that る-Verbs will never use で.
Caution
When conjugating to the て form, there are a handful of verbs with irregular patterns. Let's review an example of each.
- 図書館に行って本を借りる。I go to the library, then borrow a book.
- 運動して汗をかく。To exercise, then work up a sweat.
- 先生が教室に来て授業を始める。To come to the classroom, then start class.
- 意味を問うて調べる。To question the meaning, then look it up.
- 指導を請うて練習する。To request guidance, then practice.
Excluding these five specific verbs, the principles for て form conjugation apply with 100% regularity.
Examples
(見る)→ 見て
To see → To see and then.
(買う)→ 買って
To buy → To buy and then.
(話す)→ 話して
To speak → To speak and then.
(書く)→ 書いて
To write → To write and then.
(急ぐ)→ 急いで
To hurry → To hurry and then.
(持つ)→ 持って
To hold → To hold and then.
(飲む)→ 飲んで
To drink → To drink and then.
(遊ぶ)→ 遊んで
To play → To play and then.
(死ぬ)→ 死んで
To die → To die and then.
(作る)→ 作って
To make → To make and then.
(起きる)→ 起きて
To wake up → To wake up and then.
(掃除する)→ 掃除して
To clean → To clean and then.
(持って来る)→ 持って来て
To bring → To bring and then.